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Therapist works with hand patient.

When your child has an orthopedic injury or condition of the hand, arm, wrist, elbow or shoulder, where you take them matters. The Hand and Upper Extremity Program at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta is part of our larger Orthopedics Program, which is the only nationally ranked pediatric program in Georgia and the top program in the Southeast.*

Our hand and upper extremity team cares for children from birth to age 18 with conditions that affect their hands, arms, wrists, elbows or shoulders. Some conditions are congenital (present at birth), while others, such as a burn or hand fracture, may happen after birth. But all can affect how your child’s hand or upper extremities function or look.

How to choose a pediatric hand and upper extremity surgeon

If your child or teen needs surgery, it is important he sees a hand and upper extremity surgeon who is pediatric trained. Our hand and upper extremity surgeons at Children’s are trained to recognize injuries to growth plates in hands, arms, wrists, elbows and shoulders in kids and teens. If a child’s growth plate is damaged, the bone may stop growing, which is a serious problem called growth arrest. This can permanently stop bone development and change how it functions, possibly making the bone grow uneven.

* U.S. News & World Report 2020-21

Leaders in Targeted Muscle Reinnervation

Our team is the only comprehensive pediatric TMR surgery program in the Southeast. Our specially-trained providers will create treatment and follow-up care plans specific to your child’s needs following an amputation.

Learn more

Our team specializes in diagnosing and treating pediatric hand and upper extremity conditions, including:

  • Hand and upper extremity congenital differences, such arthrogryposis
  • Neurological conditions that affect hand function, such as cerebral palsy, stroke and brachial plexus injury
  • Overuse injuries, such as tendonitis
  • Sports and activity-related injuries, including sprains, strains, fractures and dislocations
  • Trauma from penetrating injuries that damage tendons, nerves and blood vessels
  • Tumors and growths of the hands and upper extremities
  • Burns to the hands and fingers

Other conditions we treat may include:

Some hand and upper extremity injuries can be severe enough to result in amputation. In many cases, surgeons will attempt to reattach the injured limb or part, performing a procedure known as replantation that allows a doctor to reattach a limb using microsurgical techniques. In circumstances that result in permanent loss of limb or a part, there are still often important treatments.

Management of an amputation may include:

  • Further reconstructive surgery
  • Consultation with hand therapists and prosthetists 

Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) is an injury to an infant’s brachial plexus nerves, which are the nerves that send signals from a child’s spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand, that happens during childbirth. It results in paralysis or loss of movement of the arm, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand or fingers. Brachial plexus injuries unrelated to birth are not common but can be more significant. Paralysis, loss of sensation and other symptoms can be permanent if left untreated.

Burns are common in children who use their hands to explore their environments. In most cases, burns among toddlers and children are due to heat or friction (e.g., treadmill). Treatment is based on the degree of the burn.

Late complications may include:

  • Scarring
  • Contracture, which may require surgery

There are various deformities of the hand that are identified at birth. Some common ones include:

  • Amniotic band syndrome: This condition occurs when a baby is born with multiple band-like wrappings around the arms. The hands and feet may have fingers that are fused together, sometimes congenitally amputated, and sometimes with “rings” around the finger that cause swelling.
  • Arthrogryposis: Arthrogryposis is a term used to describe a contracture (permanent shortening) of a joint that is present at birth.
  • Hypoplastic thumb: A hypoplastic thumb is usually smaller or weaker than an average thumb. It is often apparent at birth, but in many cases may not be apparent until a child is a toddler or older.
  • Congenital finger deformitiesFinger joints can be angulated or crooked and are present at birth.
  • Macrodactyly: A rare condition, macrodactyly is when a baby’s fingers or toes are abnormally large because of overgrowth of bone and soft tissue.
  • PolydactylyPolydactyly is a common congenital condition in which a child is born with an extra finger or toe. This condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 live births and is often hereditary. The extra digit is usually smaller and made up of soft tissue, though some can have bone and joints and be fully functioning.
  • SyndactylySyndactyly is a condition in which a child is born with fingers or toes that appear fused together. It may also be referred to as webbed fingers. This condition affects about 1 in every 2,000 to 3,000 live births. It can be hereditary and is occasionally associated with congenital syndromes. Fusing may only affect part of the finger or extend the entire length. Surgical treatment involves separating the fingers and/or toes when a child is about 18 months old. Those with Apert syndrome may also experience syndactyly.
  • Split thumbA split thumb is a common congenital difference in which a child is born with two thumbs or parts of two thumbs. It may also be called duplicate thumb. It is a variation of polydactyly. This is not normally hereditary. Treatment involves surgical reconstruction—normally around 1 year old—to create a single thumb and enhance function.
  • Radial longitudinal deficiency (RLD)The radius is a bone in the forearm that extends from the elbow to the wrist. In a child born with an RDL, this bone is either absent or much shorter than it should be. This results in a misshapen forearm or wrist. It can affect other parts of the arm, from the shoulder to the fingers. Children with RDL also frequently have hypoplastic thumb. RDL treatment—often surgical—is designed to create a straight, stable wrist and a functional thumb. This condition is often associated with different congenital syndromes in which other parts of the body are affected as well.

A common pediatric injury to a child’s hand is a fingertip crush. It often happens when a child’s finger is slammed in a car door, stepped on or injured by a large object falling on it. It involves an injury to a child’s nail, nail bed, skin, bone and tendons.

Short-term treatment of a fingertip crush includes:

  • Emergency treatment to the fingertip
  • Infection prevention
  • Immobilization
  • Pain control
  • Possible surgery to restore appearance and function

A hand fracture is a complete or partial break involving the bones in the fingers, hand and wrist. Most happen when a child falls and lands on his hand, gets his hand caught in a door or is playing sports.

The most important thing to keep in mind with a hand fracture is whether it damages a child’s growth plate or the soft tissue connected to the bone. If so, it may affect how your child’s pediatric hand and upper extremity physician treats his hand fracture.

We treat the following types of fractures:

  • Finger fracture
  • Hand fracture
  • Carpal bone fracture: a fracture to one of the eight small bones in the wrist
  • Scaphoid fracture: one of the carpal bones most frequently fractured

A ganglion cyst is a small cyst (fluid-filled sac) located next to a joint or tendon. It is most often found near the wrist joint or finger. It may cause pain if it is putting pressure against a tendon or joint. In most cases, these lesions are benign (not cancerous) but require medical evaluation to determine if it is a cyst. Treatment includes observation, drainage or removal of the cyst.

Nerves are the body’s electrical wiring system. Motor nerves send signals from the brain to tell the body to move. Sensory nerves carry signals about sensations, such as pain and temperature, to the brain.

Nerve damage in the arms and hands may prevent movement and function. It can be a result of a cut, fracture or crush injuries.

Signs your child may have nerve damage include:

  • Numbness
  • Weakness
  • Feeling of pins and needles

Nerve injuries can require surgical reconstruction and/or therapy.

Kids and teens may injure their fingers, hands, wrists, arms, elbows or shoulders playing sports. Our hand and upper extremity team treats the following sports-related injuries:

  • Fingertip crush injuries
  • Finger, hand and wrist fractures
  • Growth plate injuries
  • Tendon lacerations or injuries
  • Nerve injuries
  • Sprains and strains
  • Stress fractures
  • Overuse injuries
  • Ligament injuries

A tendon is tissue that connects our muscle to bone. When muscles work, their tendons pull on the bones, making joints move. Tendon injuries to the fingers, hands and upper arms are common. A laceration, or cut, to the tendon can greatly affect your child’s function.

Your child may have a tendon laceration if he:

  • Cannot bend one or more joints following an injury or laceration.
  • Feels pain when bending a finger.
  • Has an open wound and cannot comfortably move the joint.

Tendon lacerations usually require urgent surgery. Physical therapy may also be necessary to help your child regain use of the affected tendon.

A trigger thumb or finger catches or locks in a flexed position. Usually painless, it is often mistaken for a dislocated joint or a tendon injury.

It is understood to be an acquired—not congenital—difference. It will sometimes get better without treatment. Surgery may be required to return mobility to the affected digit.

When it comes to caring for children with hand or upper extremity conditions, they deserve the best treatment options available. Our team of pediatric-trained specialists offers just that, but in order to do so, the team must first make sure it is diagnosing a patient properly.

Evaluations and diagnostic tests may include:

  • Complete medical history and physical examination performed by a hand and upper extremity surgeon
  • Imagining to look at the bones and soft tissue:
  • Blood test 
  • Bone scan
  • Nerve testing, including electromyogram and nerve conduction studies

Our pediatric hand specialists deliver individualized care plans that can include surgical and nonsurgical options. They work with other areas within Children’s to manage and treat hand and upper extremity injuries and conditions.

Management and treatment options include:

Intelligent hand prosthesis

We’re the only healthcare facility in Atlanta that offers an intelligent hand prosthesis for children with a full or partial limb loss. This technology is an active, electronic prosthesis that lets patients grasp and move objects with independently functioning fingers. This technology helps increase independence while also providing a more natural appearance than many conventional prostheses.

We also know that as children grow, the ability and appearance of their hands become more important to them. This technology is well-suited for teens through adulthood. Using specially designed computer software, patients can program grip patterns and select other hand features. We offer two types, one for full hand deficiency and a second for partial hand deficiency.

Community Providers

Our doctors and surgeons work closely with orthopedic and hand surgeons in the community to help ensure complete, coordinated care is delivered seamlessly at our hospitals. Our Hand and Upper Extremity Program is led by Allan E. Peljovich, MD, MPH, Medical Director.

Hand surgeons